Category: STATE DISCRIM. LAWS

Laws and Workplace Abuse

No federal or state  law specifically addresses workplace “bullying” but that doesn’t mean a target is without legal recourse.

Workers file lawsuits every day against abusive employers and supervisors.  For example, a worker who falls within a protected category under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 may be able to file a discrimination complaint.  (Note that any complaint of discrimination must first be filed with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.  See the EEOC web site for details.)

You can find a wide range of federal and state laws on this web site that may be applicable to your situation.

You are encouraged to consult with an attorney in your community or you can  arrange a consultation with Patricia Barnes (barnespatg(at)gmail.com)

This is your job, Your livelihood.  Before you let a bully rob you of your financial security and everything else that flows from that, consult an attorney who is specialized in employee-side employment law to see what rights, if any, you have.

You may need to be persistent. It can be difficult in some locales to find an employment law attorney who represents plaintiffs (targets/employees). And it can be even more difficult to find an attorney willing to take your case. Some individuals represent themselves in court.

Here are a couple of suggestions on where to look for an attorney:

  • You might try Martindale Hubble, which lists attorneys and provides a rating system.
  • The National Employment Law Association  maintains a listing of employment lawyer members on its web site. –
  • Every state bar association has a referral list of attorneys who are willing to accept clients and they are listed by area of expertise.
  • The local bar association may host an opportunity to talk to a lawyer at no cost one day a week/ month at a local library.

While workplace bullying is not explicitly covered under federal or state laws as its own category, individuals facing such issues still have potential legal avenues to explore. Understanding the intersection of bullying behaviors and discriminatory practices covered under existing laws can be crucial for employees looking to protect their rights.

Legal Recourse for Workplace Bullying

  1. Protected Categories and Discrimination: If bullying is based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age (40 or older), disability, or genetic information, it may constitute illegal discrimination under federal laws like Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), or the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). Victims in these scenarios can file a complaint with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) before taking any legal action in court.

  2. State Laws: Some states may have laws that, while not explicitly addressing workplace bullying, could be applicable depending on the nature of the bullying. For example, intentional infliction of emotional distress or harassment could be actionable under state law.

  3. Consultation with an Attorney: Since navigating these laws can be complex, consulting with an attorney who specializes in employment law is advisable. An attorney can offer guidance specific to your situation and help determine the best course of action.

Finding Legal Representation

  • Martindale-Hubbell: This resource offers a directory of attorneys with ratings, which can help in finding a reputable lawyer experienced in employment law.

  • National Employment Lawyers Association (NELA): A professional association that lists attorneys who specialize in employment law, focusing on employee rights.

  • State Bar Associations: Most state bar associations offer referral services that can help you find an attorney based on their area of expertise.

  • Local Bar Association Clinics: Many local bar associations offer free clinics where you can get initial legal advice. These events typically occur at accessible community locations like libraries.

Self-Representation

  • In cases where legal representation is unattainable, individuals might consider representing themselves in court. While this is challenging, especially for those without legal training, some resources can help:
    • Legal Self-Help Centers: Many courts offer self-help centers where you can get help understanding the legal forms and court processes.
    • Online Resources: Websites like the EEOC provide guidelines on how to file a complaint, and other sites may offer templates and advice for drafting legal documents.

Using Technology to Navigate Legal Challenges

Platforms like Latenode can assist individuals facing workplace bullying by streamlining the process of documenting incidents, organizing legal documents, and managing communication with legal professionals. Features might include:

  • Document Management: Keeping a detailed record of all incidents of bullying, communications with HR, and any steps taken to address the situation.
  • Task Automation: Automating reminders for important deadlines related to EEOC filings or court dates.
  • Information Security: Ensuring that all sensitive documents and communications are securely stored and accessible only to authorized users.

By leveraging both legal resources and technological tools, individuals facing workplace bullying can more effectively navigate their options and take steps to protect their rights and well-being in the workplace.

STATE HARASSMENT/DISCRIMINATION LAWS

  • California passed a general anti-harassment law in 2014, AB 1825, that went into effect on January 1, 2015. It requires that supervisors in all firms with 50 or more employees receive training in “abusive conduct.” This requirement was added to an existing law requiring employers to provide two hours of sexual harassment training  to supervisors within the first six months of the employee’s assumption of a supervisory role. The new law defines “abusive conduct” as:

  . . . conduct of an employer or employee in the workplace, with malice, that a reasonable person would find hostile, offensive, and unrelated to an employer’s legitimate business interests.  [It] may include repeated infliction of verbal abuse, such as the use of derogatory remarks, insults, and epithets, verbal or physical conduct that a reasonable person would find threatening, intimidating, or humiliating, or the gratuitous sabotage or undermining of a person’s work performance.”

Malice is conduct that is “intended by the defendant to cause injury to the plaintiff or despicable conduct which is carried on by the defendant with a willful and conscious disregard of the rights or safety of others.”

The new law states that a “single act shall not constitute abusive conduct, unless especially severe or egregious.”

  • Tennessee approved a “Healthy Workplace Act” in 2014 that is designed to curb verbal abuse at work by making public-sector employers immune to bullying-related lawsuits if they adopt a policy that complies with the law. The law applies only to public-sector employers, and administrators aren’t required to follow guidelines. If they do, however  they receive immunity from potential lawsuits.
  • Utah Gov. Gary Herbert signed HB 216 into law in 2014 to mandate Abusive Conduct training for public sector The law requires state agencies to train supervisors and employees about how to prevent abusive conduct. The law takes effect July 1, 2015. Utah is the second state to pass a training-only law to begin to address abusive conduct in the workplace.

Every state has laws that protect employees from unlawful discrimination. These laws may be more expansive than similar federal laws, encompassing more employers and additional classes of victims.  They may offer protection that is  not available under federal law. For example, the U.S. Congress has yet to adopt legislation prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation but almost half of the states and the District of Columbia have adopted such laws.  Thus, a victim of harassment based on sexual orientation may be able to file a lawsuit in state court that would not be possible in federal court.  State  discrimination laws may offer a wider range of damages, especially with claims related to age discrimination.  Many attorneys prefer to bring suit in state courts to avoid federal courts, which tend to be hostile to employment law claims.  You should check the laws in your state.

Other State Remedies

STATUTORY & COMMON LAW REMEDIES

Note: Workers’ compensation laws may preempt tort (personal injury) claims in some states.

  • Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress

    (IIED).  A tort is a civil action to redress a wrongdoing. According to the Restatement of Torts 2nd § 46: “One who by extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly causes severe emotional distress to another is subject to liability for such emotional distress, and if bodily harm to the other results from it, for such bodily harm.”

One court found the conduct must be “‘so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community’…but does not extend to ‘mere insults, indignities, threats, annoyances, petty oppressions, or other trivialities.'” Porter v. Bankers Life & Casualty Co., 2002 U.S. Dist LEXIS 20627, at 5-6 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 25, 2002) (dismissing intentional infliction of emotional distress claim where employee claimed that he was falsely accused of fraud and bullied and intimidated during questioning about the alleged fraud).

However, the Supreme Court of Indiana said in dicta in Raess v. Doescher, 883 N.E.2d 790 (Ind. 2008) that workplace bullying could be a form of  IIED .  Id. at 799.  In that particular case, the jury rejected the plaintiff’s IIED claim but did find in favor of the plaintiff on a claim for assault. The jury awarded the plaintiff $325,000 in damages.  The Indiana Supreme Court found there was substantial evidence or reasonable inferences to support the assault claim and upheld the damages award.

The plaintiff in Raess was hospital operating room perfusionist who claimed the defendant, a cardiovascular surgeon, was “angry at the plaintiff about reports to hospital administration about the defendant’s treatment of other perfusionists” and “aggressively and rapidly advanced on the plaintiff with clenched fists, piercing eyes, beet-red face, popping veins, and screaming and swearing at him.” 883 N.E.2d at 794.  The plaintiff, fearing imminent physical harm, backed up against the wall and held his hands up. Instead of striking the plaintiff, the surgeon stopped, turned, and stormed out of the room, declaring, “you’re finished. you’re history.” Id.

The plaintiff did not return to work, in part, because he developed a panic disorder and depression, limiting his ability to perform under pressure in an operating room.

(Note: This case marked the first time that Gary Namie, the founder of the Workplace Bullying Institute, was allowed to testify as an expert on workplace bullying, over the objections of the defense. Namie called the 2001 incident an “episode of workplace bullying” and called the doctor “a workplace abuser.”  Defense counsel argued Namie was not qualified to be an expert because his is not a clinical psychologist, and that Namie based his report on a telephone call with the Plaintiff, without ever speaking to the Defendant. The Indiana Court of Appeals  ruled the trial court committed reversible error in allowing the doctor to be labelled a workplace bully and overturned the jury award.  However, the Indiana Supreme Court reinstated the jury’s award, finding, among other things, that the defendant’ s objection to Namie’s testimony was procedurally flawed.  One of the four justices dissented and said Namie’s testimony was highly prejudicial and violated an evidentiary rule that permits expert opinion testimony only as to  “scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge” to “assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.”

See also, Subbe-Hirt v. Baccigalupi, 94 F.3d 111 (1996), where the 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that a jury could find the plaintiff, a female salesperson, was the victim of IIED by her boss, Robert Baccigalupi. The Court said the Subbe-Hirt was not limited to damages under the New Jersey’s worker’s compensation law because of evidence  of deliberate intent on Baccigalupi’s part.  The Court said Subbe-Hirt had demonstrated her supervisor’s conduct was sufficiently outrageous to support an IIED claim.  Among other things, the Court said, witnesses testified:

” … Baccigalupi replaced females’ given names … with the term “cunt,” to depersonalize and deride the women in the office … Moreover, he would ask Subbe-Hirt for her resignation almost every time she was in the office. Baccigalupi even went so far as to have an unsigned resignation on his desk; we would then ask Subbe-Hirt “why don’t you sign it; if you don’t want to sign it, go on disability … Baccigalupi would “grill” her on work she submitted, asking “why did you do this, what did you do here, what was said here?” If he was not “satisfied” with her answer, he would call Subbe-Hirt’s clients in front of her and say “Elaine says this; what do you say?”

… After one meeting with Baccigalupi, Subbe-Hirt “literally blacked out behind the wheel and hit a tractor trailer just from stress and emotion[,]” suffering severe injuries that required eight days of hospitalization. This incident forced Subbe-Hirt to take temporary disability leave; indeed, her treating psychiatrist has opined that she remains totally disabled with post traumatic stress disorder triggered by Baccigalupi’s badgering and intimidation.”

Key evidence was a note Subbe-Hirt presented to  Baccigalupi from her psychiatrist stating she  was capable of working but should not be placed under undue stress. He refused her request to place it in her personnel file, and continued his allegedly abusive behavior.

  • Breach of Contract

    Is there an anti-bullying or anti-harassment provision in your employee handbook? In an “at-will” employment states, where an employee can be fired for any reason (except illegal discrimination), this might be the basis for a lawsuit alleging the employer breached its contract of employment.

  • Defamation.

    A communication is defamatory if it tends to harm the reputation of another as to lower him in the estimation of the community or to deter third persons from associating or dealing with him. There must be a false and defamatory statement, an unprivileged publication to a third party, and fault amounting at least to negligence on the part of the publisher.

  • Assault and/or battery

    If this does not rise to the seriousness of a criminal act, it may still be an intentional tort. Assault consists of intentionally and voluntarily causing the reasonable apprehension of an immediate harmful or offensive contact. Battery consists of intentional and harmful or offensive physical contact.  See above entry for Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress where a defendant was found guilty of assault in a workplace bullying case where a doctor approached him in a rage with raised fists but never actually touched him.

  • Invasion of Privacy

    This includes an intentional interference with a person’s interest in solitude or seclusion, either as to his/her person or as to his/her private affairs or concerns. The intrusion must be of a kind that would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. It might include such things as placing a camera or a peephole in an employee bathroom or forcing your way into a person’s hotel room.

  • False imprisonment.

    An actor is subject to liability to another for false imprisonment if h/she intends to and does confine the other or a third person in a confined space and the other is conscious of the confinement or harmed by it.   This might work if, for example, if a bully boss confines you inside an office and blocks your ability to leave.

  • Tortuous interference with the employment contract or business relationships.

    Generally, a third party must  knowingly induce the employer to break the employment contract.  Theoretically, it could be argued the supervisor acted outside the scope of  his/her employment relationship in bullying the target .

  • Failure of an employer to exercise reasonable care with respect to the hiring, supervision and retention of the abuser

    See Daka, Inc. v. McCrae, 839 A.2d 682 (D.C. 2003), where a male banquet chef complained he was sexually harassed by a male supervisor, the catering director, for several months after he refused the supervisor’s dinner invitation. The chef was subsequently demoted and fired.  The chef could show that other supervisors were aware of the harassment but did nothing. He sued for negligent supervision, and a jury awarded him $187,500 in compensatory damages and $4.8 million in punitive damages. Negligent supervision claims generally require a tort to be committed by the supervised employee before the employer can be held liable.   A tort is a  civil wrong recognized by the law as the basis for a lawsuit that results in an injury or harm. This remedy also has been successfully invoked by victims of sexual assault where a company hired a supervisor who had a record of sex offenses and in police brutality cases, where an officer had a record of complaints.

  • Constructive dismissal:

    If you are forced to quit a job to escape a bully boss, you may still be able to get unemployment benefits. An employee can argue the employer changed the fundamental terms and conditions of the job for which the employee was hired, effectively dismissing the employee.

(05/11)